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T his article, the third of the 5-part article on S.O.L.I.D design principles, is about the “L,” Liskov’s substitution principle made famous by  Robert C. Martin  (Uncle Bob)in his paper,  https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054349/http://www.objectmentor.com/resources/articles/Principles_and_Patterns.pdf . The principle was initially introduced by  Barbara Liskov  in a 1987 conference keynote address titled  Data abstraction and hierarchy .  https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=62141 S — Single-responsibility principle O — Open-closed principle L — Liskov substitution principle I — Interface segregation principle D — Dependency Inversion Principle Contracts, Promises & APIs The public  interface , method of an object is its contract with the rest of the world. That API or contract is that objects promise to the world or the client of what service it provides. In the field of  Software engineering , modularisation is ...

H ow we speak to others, convey our thoughts and views, influence our quality of life to a high degree. Across cultures and geographies, voice-based communication has been the most effective way of expressing oneself. Your voice is a part of you, and it’s the most intimate form of contact with the world. No other form of communication can convey emotion and personality as our voice. One could argue in favour of haptic inputs like the sense of touch, head movement, hand gestures, etc being equally effective. But the scope of voice communication is much more extensive compared to touch-based communication. When it comes to interaction with external systems, as with everything, things have evolved. Primitive beings used everything from thin feather quills, pigeons, fire, and smoke. The advent of printing was perhaps the greatest achievement of humankind as a whole. We then graduated from type systems, print sets to modern electronic devices to the present generation of hardwa...